Terracing field slopes can concurrently mitigate soil erosion and promote sustainable pest management

Convincing farmers to allot refuge areas for natural enemies is a challenge due to their fear of losing farming space. But, increasing the benefits beyond enhancing natural enemy conservation may further incentivize the adoption of refuge areas, which then would concomitantly favor biological control and other purposes. For example, the construction of terrace embankments on field slopes is essential to mitigate soil erosion; and this is better attained when vegetation occurs atop the terraces. Our insight is that these vegetated terraces can serve a dual purpose of preventing soil erosion as well as sheltering natural enemies and potentially diverting the attack of herbivorous pests. Therefore, in this two-year field study we assessed the abundance of natural enemies and pests as well as leaf damage and plant mass in maize plots cultivated between either vegetated or unvegetated terraces. The proportion of maize defoliation in the unvegetated-terrace treatment was about twice as high as the defoliation observed in the vegetated-terrace treatment during both years. The most abundant spontaneous vegetation occurring on the terraces comprised the grasses Panicum maximum Jacq. and Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf), which appeared to shelter herbivorous pests such as leafhoppers, spittlebugs and Chrysomelidae beetles as well as natural enemies. Specifically, a higher abundance of flying predators including wasps, ladybeetles and syrphids was observed in the vegetated-terrace treatment. Taken together, these results indicate the potential for vegetated terraces to concurrently mitigate soil erosion and promote pest control by means of enhancing natural enemy conservation as well as diverting pest attack.