Daytime mid-latitude F₂-layer Q-disturbances: A formation mechanism

Negative and positive near noontime prolonged (≥3 hours) F₂-layer Q-disturbances with deviations in N_mF₂ > 35% occurred at Rome have been analyzed using aeronomic parameters inferred from f_p180 (plasma frequency at 180 km height) and f_oF₂ observations. Both types of N_mF₂ perturbations occur under quiet (daily Ap < 15 nT) geomagnetic conditions. Day-to-day atomic oxygen [O] variations at F₂-region heights specify the type (positive or negative) of Q-disturbance. The [O] concentration is larger on positive and is less on negative Q-disturbance days compared to reference days. This difference takes place not only on average but for all individual Q-disturbances in question. An additional contribution to Q-disturbances formation is provided by solar EUV day-to-day variations. Negative Q-disturbance days are characterized by lower h_mF₂ while positive - by larger h_mF₂ compared to reference days. This is due to larger average Tex and vertical plasma drift W on positive Q-disturbance days, the inverse situation takes place for negative Q-disturbance days. Day-to-day changes in global thermospheric circulation may be considered as a plausible mechanism. The analyzed type of F₂-layer Q-disturbances can be explained in the framework of contemporary understanding of the thermosphere-ionosphere interaction based on solar and geomagnetic activity as the main drivers.