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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Reprogramming and transdifferentiation - two key processes for regenerative medicine.

Jolanta Hybiak1, Kornelia Jankowska1, Filip Machaj1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.

European Journal of Pharmacology
|June 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regenerative medicine faces challenges with donor cells. Bioengineering techniques like reprogramming and transdifferentiation offer solutions using readily available somatic cells for patient-specific therapies.

Keywords:
MetaplasiaMogrifyRedifferentiationReprogrammingTransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Current regenerative medicine relies on donor or fetal/newborn mesenchymal stem cells, facing limitations like scarcity, ethical concerns, and immune rejection.
  • The increasing demand for treatments for severe injuries, organ failure, and post-cancer surgery exceeds existing therapeutic capacities.
  • Somatic differentiated cells, such as fibroblasts, are abundant and accessible, presenting an alternative source for cell-based therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the bioengineering techniques of cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation for regenerative medicine.
  • To highlight the potential of these methods in generating patient-specific cells and tissues.
  • To discuss the application of these technologies in creating anatomical structures for therapeutic purposes.

Main Methods:

  • Cell reprogramming: conversion of mature somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells.
  • Cell transdifferentiation: direct conversion of one differentiated cell type into another.
  • Integration with biomaterials for the creation of complex anatomical structures.

Main Results:

  • Reprogramming yields pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into various cell types.
  • Transdifferentiation provides direct conversion to desired differentiated cell types.
  • Both methods enable the generation of patient-specific cells for personalized regenerative medicine.
  • Combined approaches can create functional anatomical structures for tissue replacement.

Conclusions:

  • Reprogramming and transdifferentiation are powerful bioengineering tools overcoming limitations of traditional regenerative medicine.
  • These techniques facilitate the creation of patient-dedicated cells and tissues, crucial for treating extensive damage and replacing organs.
  • The development of patient-specific anatomical structures holds significant promise for trauma and cancer reconstructive surgery.