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Related Concept Videos

The Placebo Effect01:54

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The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.
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Blind Procedures02:07

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

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Determinants of placebo effects.

Sharlet Anderson1, Glenn T Stebbins1

  • 1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.

International Review of Neurobiology
|June 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Placebo effects are influenced by patient factors like expectations and experiences, as well as clinician traits such as empathy and expertise. Extrinsic factors like study design and cultural context also play a complex role in modulating placebo response.

Keywords:
Extrinsic determinantsIntrinsic determinantsNeurologyPlaceboStudy-based determinants

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Placebo effects significantly impact clinical outcomes and research findings.
  • Understanding the multifaceted determinants of placebo response is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies and study designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and categorize the intrinsic and extrinsic determinants influencing placebo effects.
  • To elucidate the complex interplay between patient, clinician, and environmental factors in placebo response.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature on placebo effect determinants.
  • Analysis of intrinsic factors (patient expectations, experiences, neural systems, personality; clinician empathy, expertise, relationship, belief).
  • Examination of extrinsic factors (study design, branding, cultural milieu).

Main Results:

  • Patient expectations and prior experiences are key intrinsic determinants.
  • Clinician empathy, expertise, and therapeutic relationship significantly influence placebo response.
  • Study design, branding, and cultural context represent important extrinsic determinants.

Conclusions:

  • Placebo effects arise from a complex interaction of patient, clinician, and environmental factors.
  • These determinants do not operate in isolation but synergistically influence the placebo response.
  • A nuanced understanding of these factors is essential for both clinical practice and research integrity.