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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

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The Ubangi misnomer.

Leonard J Hoenig¹

¹Private Practice, Pembroke Pines, Florida, USA.

Clinics in Dermatology

|June 22, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Lip plates, a cultural practice of lip stretching, were introduced to Americans in 1930. This practice, alongside reconstructive surgery, highlights human efforts to enhance body aesthetics for cultural or medical reasons.

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Area of Science:

Anthropology
Medical Science

Background:

Lip plates are a traditional body modification practiced by some African and Amazonian tribes.
In 1930, Congolese women with lip plates were exhibited in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, publicized as "Ubangi Savages."

Purpose of the Study:

To document the cultural practice of lip piercing and stretching among the "Ubangi Savages."
To explore the connection between cultural body modification and modern reconstructive surgery techniques like tissue expansion.

Main Methods:

Historical review of the "Ubangi Savages" exhibit and the practice of lip plating.
Comparative analysis of cultural lip stretching and medical tissue expansion.

Main Results:

The "Ubangi Savages" exhibit introduced American audiences to the practice of lip plates.
Lip plates involve cultural lip piercing and progressive stretching using pegs and plates.
Tissue expansion, a reconstructive surgery technique, shares principles with lip stretching in its goal of tissue modification.

Conclusions:

Lip plates represent a significant cultural practice of body modification.
The principles of tissue expansion used in reconstructive surgery parallel the physical process of lip stretching.
Both lip plates and reconstructive surgery demonstrate the human desire to maintain and enhance bodily aesthetics for cultural or medical purposes.