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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Advances in Small Molecules in Cellular Reprogramming: Effects, Structures, and Mechanisms.

Jun Zeng1, Yanjiao Li1, Zhaoxia Ma1

  • 1Yunnan Key laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|June 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Small molecules offer a safer alternative to stem cell therapies by reprogramming somatic cells. This review details key compounds and their mechanisms in epigenetic modification and signal modulation for regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
approachesepigeneticmechanismsmolecular dockingreprogrammingsmall molecules

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Small molecule therapeutics
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Cellular reprogramming avoids ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells and gene manipulation risks.
  • Small molecules are increasingly utilized for somatic cell reprogramming in both mouse and human systems.
  • Commonly used small molecules include CHIR99021, 616452, A83-01, SB431542, forskolin, tranylcypromine, and valproic acid (VPA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review small molecule-driven cellular reprogramming methods.
  • To provide a reference for future regenerative medicine and drug discovery applications.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms and structural specificities of small molecules in reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of reprogramming approaches into epigenetic modification, signal modulation, metabolic modulation, and senescent suppression.
  • Analysis of small molecule structures and functions.
  • Utilizing molecular docking to understand drug-target interactions in epigenetic modification.
  • Reviewing signaling pathways involved in signal modulation, including GSK3β, TGFβ, and PKA.

Main Results:

  • Small molecule reprogramming approaches are essential and can be classified into four main categories.
  • Molecular docking provides insights into the interaction mechanisms of small molecules with target proteins, particularly in epigenetic modification.
  • Key signaling pathways like GSK3β, TGFβ, and PKA are crucial for signal modulation during reprogramming.
  • Limited numbers of small molecules are currently studied for metabolic modulation and senescent suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecule-based cellular reprogramming is a promising strategy for regenerative medicine.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and structural specificities of small molecules, especially in signal modulation, metabolic modulation, and senescent suppression.
  • This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians in the field of small molecule-driven reprogramming.