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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Radial System Protection01:23

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Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Assessment of radial pulse01:11

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Assessment of Radial Pulse
The radial pulse, located at the wrist, is often the preferred site for assessing peripheral pulse because of its accessibility and dependability. The process of determining the radial pulse involves several steps:
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Radial head fractures.

R P van Riet1,2,3, Mpj van den Bekerom4, A Van Tongel5

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.

Shoulder & Elbow
|June 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radial head fractures vary in severity and treatment. The modified Mason-Hotchkiss classification guides management, from conservative care for Type 1 to replacement or resection for Type 3, with options for failed arthroplasty.

Keywords:
arthroscopyelbowfractureinstabilityprosthesisradial headradius

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The radial head is crucial for elbow stability, acting as a secondary stabilizer against valgus stress.
  • Its size and shape are variable but often mirror the contralateral side.
  • Fracture management depends on classification and displacement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of radial head fractures.
  • To outline the modified Mason-Hotchkiss classification and its treatment implications.
  • To discuss management options for complex fractures and failed radial head arthroplasty.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the modified Mason-Hotchkiss classification for radial head fractures.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies based on fracture type (Type 1, 2, 3).
  • Discussion of surgical interventions including arthroscopy, open reduction, radial head replacement, and resection.
  • Evaluation of management for failed radial head arthroplasty.

Main Results:

  • Type 1 fractures are typically managed non-operatively.
  • Type 2 fractures with mechanical blocks benefit from surgical fixation (arthroscopic or open).
  • Type 3 fractures often require radial head replacement, especially with associated injuries, though resection is an alternative.
  • Failed arthroplasty has multiple treatment options: removal, interposition, or revision arthroplasty.

Conclusions:

  • The modified Mason-Hotchkiss classification provides a framework for treating radial head fractures.
  • Treatment selection balances fracture severity, displacement, and mechanical compromise.
  • Options exist for managing complex cases and addressing complications like failed radial head replacement.