A Case of Pulmonary Cement Embolism Managed through Symptomatic Treatment

This case describes symptomatic pulmonary cement embolism as a rare postvertebroplasty complication and highlights its critical yet ill-defined management.

Pulmonary cement embolism (PCE) is a feared complication of vertebroplasty in the treatment of vertebral fractures. While the majority of PCEs are asymptomatic, symptomatic PCEs often present with chest pain, tachycardia, signs of severe respiratory distress, and death. Computer tomography angiogram (CTA) allows visualization of cement within the pulmonary vasculature. Despite the well-established risk of PCE, clinical management is unclear with limited research on treatment options. Reported treatments include anticoagulation, embolectomy, CPR, and supportive care and observation. Report. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman who experienced shortness of breath, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypertension, and hypoxemia five days following a corrective surgery for a compression fracture of L3 with pedicle screw fixation, fusion of L2 through L4, and L2 vertebral body cement augmentation with polymethyl methacrylate.

Breath sounds were diminished bilaterally with respiratory alkalosis and hypoxemia evident on arterial blood gas. CTA revealed intravasated cement throughout the right lung, including the pulmonary artery and upper and middle lobar arteries. The proposed mechanism is embolization of cement particles from the lumbar veins, which also showed intravasation. Due to the inorganic nature of the occluding material, the use of a thrombolytic agent was ruled against. Treatment included bronchodilators, 3 L of oxygen via nasal cannula, and prophylactic antibiotics, pulmonary toilet, and incentive spirometry. Symptomatic management was continued until she was discharged from the hospital in a stable condition.

Postvertebroplasty pulmonary cement embolisms can be managed conservatively, without the use of anticoagulant or thrombolytic agents. This case illustrates a variation of care for this rare presentation and adds to the sparse literature on the management of PCEs.