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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

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Published on: June 11, 2012
Closed-loop control in insulin pumps for type-1 diabetes mellitus: safety and efficacy
Julia Fuchs1, Roman Hovorka1,2
1Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK.
Introduction:
Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong disease with high management burden. The majority of people with type 1 diabetes fail to achieve glycemic targets. Algorithm-driven automated insulin delivery (closed-loop) systems aim to address these challenges. This review provides an overview of commercial and emerging closed-loop systems.
Areas Covered:
We review safety and efficacy of commercial and emerging hybrid closed-loop systems. A literature search was conducted and clinical trials using day-and-night closed-loop systems during free-living conditions were used to report on safety data. We comment on efficacy where robust randomized controlled trial data for a particular system are available. We highlight similarities and differences between commercial systems.
Expert Opinion:
Study data shows that hybrid closed-loop systems are safe and effective, consistently improving glycemic control when compared to standard therapy. While a fully closed-loop system with minimal burden remains the end-goal, these hybrid closed-loop systems have transformative potential in diabetes care.
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