Patterns and controls of vegetation productivity and precipitation-use efficiency across Eurasian grasslands

Elucidating aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) spatial variations and mechanisms are essential for predicting how ecosystem functioning will respond to future climate change. However, a comprehensive recognition of spatial patterns of ANPP and PUE across continental scale is still lacking. Here, we integrated long-term GIMMS NDVI remote sensing, field survey ANPP and meteorological datasets to reveal the spatial variations and controls of ANPP and PUE across Eurasian grasslands for the first time. The results showed that the mean value of ANPP and PUE of Eurasian grasslands were 40.20 ± 0.40 g C m^-2 yr^-1 and 0.15 ± 0.01 g C m^-2 mm^-1, respectively. At the continental scale, the ANPP and PUE showed unimodal patterns along mean annual precipitation (MAP) and hydrothermal index (HT) gradients, while a piecewise linear pattern along mean annual temperature (MAT) gradients. The MAP exerted positive effect on the ANPP in desert and temperate grasslands, while negative effect on the ANPP in alpine grasslands. Conversely, the MAT negatively affected the ANPP in desert and temperate grasslands, while positively affected the ANPP in alpine grasslands. The results indicated that the hydrothermal conditions coupled with the transition of vegetation types and its different responses combinedly shaped the spatial patterns of ANPP and PUE in Eurasian grasslands. This study advanced our knowledge of the spatial variations of ANPP and PUE at continental scale, providing theoretical information for predicting productivity and water use changes of arid and semi-arid grasslands under climate change in the future.