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Updated: Dec 17, 2025
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Modified types of orbital exenteration, survival, and reconstruction
Sven Holger Baum1, Michael Oeverhaus2, Franziska Saxe2
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Kliniken-Essen-Mitte, Henricistr. 92, 45136, Essen, Germany. s.baum@kliniken-essen-mitte.de.
Purpose:
This study aims to analyse the various modifications of orbital exenteration.
Methods:
Patients undergoing orbital exenteration from March 1978 to October 2019 were included in this retrospective study. The patients were evaluated on the basis of the indication, type of exenteration, reconstruction technique, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS).
Results:
In total, 300 patients were enrolled in this study. As many as 24 patients had lid and conjunctiva sparing anterior exenteration, 16 had lid sparing anterior exenteration, 83 had anterior exenteration, 14 had lid and conjunctiva sparing total exenteration, seven had lid sparing total exenteration, 44 had total exenteration, one had lid and conjunctiva sparing extended exenteration, 23 had lid sparing extended exenteration, and 88 had extended exenteration. As many as 39 patients had a primary wound closure. Six patients underwent reconstruction with a split-thickness skin graft, 177 patients with a local or regional flap, and 40 patients with a microvascular flap. A total of 38 patients did not undergo reconstruction. The mean follow-up was 40 months (range 6-216 months). The OS rate was 82.2% after 1 year, 58.5% after 5 years, and 49% after 10 years for all patients with malignant tumours. The DFS rate was 67.7% after 1 year, 45.6% after 5 years, and 31.7% after 10 years.
Conclusion:
Individual types of orbital exenteration allow patient-adapted therapies. The preservation of uninvolved orbital tissue facilitates orbital reconstruction. The type of exenteration did not have any influence on overall survival.
