Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Poisson Probability Distribution

Poisson Probability Distribution

A Poisson probability distribution is a discrete probability distribution. It gives the probability of a number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events happen at a known average rate and independently of the time since the last event. For example, a book editor might be interested in the number of words spelled incorrectly in a particular book. It might be that, on average, there are five words spelled incorrectly in 100 pages. The interval is 100 pages.
The...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Parrondo's paradox as a framework for strategy switching and collective intelligence in complex systems Reply to comments on "Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society".

Physics of life reviews·2026

Same author

Adaptive Prescribed-Time Dynamic Self-Triggered Time-Varying Bipartite Formation Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Actuator Faults.

IEEE transactions on cybernetics·2026

Same author

Prescribed performance collision-free control for bearing-constrained unmanned aerial vehicle.

ISA transactions·2025

Same author

ZO-1/Tjp1 and ZO-2/Tjp2 deletion in retinal pigment epithelium causes progressive retinal degeneration.

iScience·2025

Same author

Multidomain Evolutionary Optimization on Combinatorial Problems in Complex Networks.

IEEE transactions on cybernetics·2025

Same author

Predefined Time and Prespecified Precision for Bearing-Constrained AAV Swarm.

IEEE transactions on cybernetics·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Parrondo effect in quantum coin-toss simulations.

Joel Weijia Lai¹, Kang Hao Cheong²

¹Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore S487372.

Physical Review. E

|June 25, 2020

Summary

Parrondo's paradox demonstrates how combining losing games (A and B) can create a winning game (C). This study explores quantum coin tossing paradoxes and proposes a protocol for classifying quantum operations.

More Related Videos

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Quantum mechanics
Quantum information theory
Statistical mechanics

Background:

Parrondo's paradox describes a phenomenon where combining two losing strategies can result in a winning strategy.
Quantum systems can exhibit counterintuitive probabilistic behaviors.
Previous work has shown that successive tossing of a single fair quantum coin yields a biased outcome.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate paradoxical behaviors in quantum coin tossing scenarios.
To demonstrate novel paradoxical cases beyond known results.
To propose a protocol for classifying quantum operations within a two-level quantum system.

Main Methods:

Analysis of quantum coin tossing models with biased expectations.
Examination of random and sequential periodic tossing of two quantum coins.
Development of a protocol based on observed paradoxical outcomes.

Main Results:

Successive tossing of a single fair quantum coin results in a biased outcome.
Random tossing of two biased quantum coins leads to an average random walk near zero.
Sequential periodic tossing of two negatively biased quantum coins yields a positive expectation random walk.

Conclusions:

Quantum coin tossing exhibits paradoxical behaviors, extending Parrondo's paradox.
The proposed protocol can identify and classify quantum operations acting on the same Hilbert space.
These findings have implications for quantum information processing and quantum control.