Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reversible and Irreversible Processes01:14

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

5.4K
The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
5.4K
Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

28.2K
A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
28.2K
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

803
Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
803
Transient and Steady-state Response01:24

Transient and Steady-state Response

447
In control systems, test signals are essential for evaluating performance under various conditions. The ramp function is effective for systems undergoing gradual changes, while the step function is suitable for assessing systems facing sudden disturbances. For systems subjected to shock inputs, the impulse function is the most appropriate test signal.
These test signals are integral in designing control systems to exhibit two key performance aspects: transient response and steady-state...
447
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

274
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
274
Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

379
Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
379

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reliability of a nonlinear fluctuation-dissipation relation as a test of Markovianity.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Mean-squared displacements of rough particles in polydisperse granular gases.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Hitting the blinking target under stochastic resetting.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Universalities in a constrained motion of a particle with memory friction: A bead of a Rouse chain on a periodic wire.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Souvenir collector's walk: The distribution of the number of steps of a continuous-time random walk ending at a given position.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

Comment on "Main role of fractal-like nature of conformational space in subdiffusion in proteins".

Physical review. E·2025
Same journal

Erratum: Low-dimensional model for adaptive networks of spiking neurons [Phys. Rev. E 111, 014422 (2025)].

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Disentangling the effects of many-body forces on depletion interactions.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Charge transport and mode transition in dual-energy electron beam diodes.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Optimization of multisite reactions in complex compartmentalized media.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Origin of geometric cohesion in nonconvex granular materials: Interplay between interdigitation and rotational constraints enhancing frictional stability.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Interaction of walkers with a standing Faraday wave.

Physical review. E·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior
10:05

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Published on: September 16, 2015

14.8K

Resetting processes with noninstantaneous return.

Anna S Bodrova1,2,3, Igor M Sokolov1,4

  • 1Humboldt University, Department of Physics, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.

Physical Review. E
|June 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a reset-return process where particles move stochastically and then return to the origin. It derives key formulas for particle position and hitting time, revealing conditions for stationary probability density invariance.

More Related Videos

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents
10:27

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Published on: April 19, 2019

7.3K
Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

9.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior
10:05

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Published on: September 16, 2015

14.8K
The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents
10:27

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Published on: April 19, 2019

7.3K
Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Statistical Physics
  • Stochastic Processes
  • Non-equilibrium Systems

Background:

  • Stochastic processes are fundamental in modeling physical phenomena.
  • Resetting mechanisms introduce unique dynamics to particle motion.
  • Understanding particle behavior in systems with resetting is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze a novel two-phase random process: a reset-return process.
  • To derive general expressions for the stationary probability density function (PDF) and mean hitting time.
  • To investigate the conditions under which the stationary PDF is invariant with respect to return dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical derivation of general expressions for stationary PDF and mean hitting time.
  • Explicit analysis of Brownian motion during the displacement phase.
  • Modeling three distinct return dynamics: constant speed, constant acceleration, and harmonic force.
  • Consideration of exponential waiting times and deterministic resetting periods.

Main Results:

  • Derived general formulas for stationary PDF and mean hitting time in one dimension.
  • Identified invariance of stationary PDF for constant speed/acceleration return with exponential resetting.
  • Demonstrated lack of invariance for deterministic resetting and harmonic force return scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • The reset-return process exhibits complex dynamics influenced by both displacement and return phases.
  • Invariance of the stationary PDF depends critically on the interplay between resetting statistics and return dynamics.
  • Provides a framework for understanding particle transport in systems with intermittent resetting and directed return.