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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Transcription Dynamics from Brain Samples Following Behavioral Experience
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Evolution and transition of expression trajectory during human brain development.

Ming-Li Li1,2, Hui Tang3, Yong Shao1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|June 25, 2020
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Summary

Human brain development shows prolonged prenatal neoteny, with key gene RBFOX1 driving evolutionary changes. This study reveals critical prenatal transition phases and highlights RBFOX1

Keywords:
Brain evolutionExpression trajectoryHumansMacaquesTranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Human brain evolution is crucial for understanding cognition and disorders.
  • Comparative analysis of brain development between species is essential.
  • Previous studies often used birth as a uniform neurodevelopmental marker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare brain development gene expression trajectories in humans and macaques.
  • To identify divergent transcriptome profiles and understand human brain evolution.
  • To explore molecular mechanisms behind prolonged early human brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of brain transcriptome profiles between humans and rhesus macaques.
  • Dynamic Network Biomarker (DNB) analysis to identify developmental transition phases.
  • Expression heterochrony tests and transcriptional network construction.

Main Results:

  • Brain development demarcation occurred later in humans (25-26 PCW) than macaques (17-23 PCW), indicating prolonged early development.
  • Human brain development exhibited significantly greater changes between early and later stages compared to macaques.
  • Neoteny (retention of juvenile traits) was observed in early human brain development, particularly involving the gene RBFOX1, which showed rapid evolution in non-coding regions.

Conclusions:

  • Divergent gene expression trajectories deepen the understanding of human brain evolution.
  • Neoteny during prenatal development is a key factor in human brain evolution.
  • RBFOX1 is identified as a crucial hub gene regulating early human brain development and evolution.