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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
1.0K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
505
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

776
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

1.1K
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

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Epileptic seizures.

Haleema Anwar1, Qudsia Umaira Khan1, Natasha Nadeem1

  • 1CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan.

Discoveries (Craiova, Romania)
|June 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Epilepsy involves abnormal brain activity, affecting millions globally. This review summarizes current knowledge on its causes, diagnosis, and treatments, including anti-epileptic drugs and gene therapy.

Keywords:
EEGEpilepsyfocal epilepsygene therapy.postictal Todd’s paresis

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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal neuronal discharges.
  • It is a significant public health concern with diverse origins, including genetic, acquired, and developmental factors.
  • Understanding the roles of inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (glutamate) neurotransmission is key to epilepsy pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of epilepsy and epileptic seizures.
  • To summarize recent advances and current knowledge in the field.
  • To apprise readers of cutting-edge developments in epilepsy research and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on epilepsy and epileptic seizures.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Examination of various treatment modalities, encompassing anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, and gene therapy.

Main Results:

  • Epilepsy is classified by onset (focal, general, unknown) and etiology (acquired, idiopathic, genetic/developmental).
  • Diagnostic tools like EEG and MRI are crucial for differentiating seizures, with video-EEG (vEEG) aiding complex cases.
  • Postictal symptoms such as headache, psychosis, and Todd's paresis are common.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical history, seizure semiology, and advanced neuroimaging/EEG techniques.
  • Genetic factors, comorbidities, and biomarkers play roles in epilepsy prediction.
  • A multi-faceted approach to treatment, including medication, surgery, diet, and emerging gene therapy, is essential for managing epilepsy.