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Protein Organization

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Proteins have a hierarchical structure comprising at least three levels of organization: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Some large proteins have a quaternary structure where individual protein subunits are linked together.
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence....

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Protein and Protein Structures

Protein and Protein Structures

Protein Families

Protein Families

Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein families usually occur because of gene duplication, where an additional copy of a gene is inserted into the genome of an organism. Mutations that change the amino acids but still allow the protein to be properly synthesized, will lead to new protein family members. If these new proteins contain similar amino acids in key...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Many proteins can be classified into two distinct subtypes - globular or fibrous. These two types differ in their shapes and solubilities.
Globular proteins are also known as spheroproteins and typically are approximately round in shape. They contain a mix of amino acid types and contain differing sequences in their primary structures. Globular proteins have many different functions, such as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be...

Gene Families

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

User-friendly, High-throughput, and Fully Automated Data Acquisition Software for Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

User-friendly, High-throughput, and Fully Automated Data Acquisition Software for Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

Published on: July 29, 2021

CoV3D: A database and resource for high resolution coronavirus protein structures.

Ragul Gowthaman^1,2, Johnathan D Guest^1,2, Rui Yin^1,2

¹University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|June 25, 2020

Summary

A new database, CoV3D, offers weekly updated coronavirus protein structures to aid vaccine and therapeutic design. It provides visualizations of the spike glycoprotein and its complexes, aiding research into SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

User-friendly, High-throughput, and Fully Automated Data Acquisition Software for Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

User-friendly, High-throughput, and Fully Automated Data Acquisition Software for Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

Published on: July 29, 2021

Advancing High-Resolution Imaging of Virus Assemblies in Liquid and Ice

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Published on: July 20, 2022

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

Area of Science:

Structural Biology
Virology
Bioinformatics

Background:

Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, pose significant global health threats.
The rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 protein structures highlights viral vulnerabilities.
Effective vaccines and therapies are urgently needed.

Conclusions:

CoV3D serves as a centralized resource for coronavirus protein structures.
The database facilitates structure-based design and analysis of vaccines and therapeutics.
CoV3D aids research on SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses.