Hyaluronan and halogen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and lung injury

Chlorine (Cl₂ ) and bromine (Br₂ ) are produced in large quantities throughout the world and used in the industry and the sanitation of water. These halogens can pose a significant threat to public health when released into the atmosphere during transportation and industrial accidents, or as acts of terrorism. In this review, we discuss the evidence showing that the activity of Cl₂ and Br₂ , and of products formed by their interaction with biomolecules, fragment high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), a key component of the interstitial space and present in epithelial cells, to form proinflammatory, low-molecular-weight hyaluronan fragments that increase intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺ ) and activate RAS homolog family member A (RhoA) in airway smooth muscle and epithelial and microvascular cells. These changes result in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and increase epithelial and microvascular permeability. The increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ is the result of the activation of the calcium-sensing receptor by Cl₂ , Br₂ , and their by-products. Posthalogen administration of a commercially available form of HMW-HA to mice and to airway cells in vitro reverses the increase of Ca²⁺ and the activation of RhoA, and restores AHR to near-normal levels of airway function. These data have established the potential of HMW-HA to be a countermeasure against Cl₂ and Br₂ toxicity.