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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Construction of Modular Hydrogel Sheets for Micropatterned Macro-scaled 3D Cellular Architecture
Published on: January 11, 2016
John M Viola1, Catherine M Porter1, Ananya Gupta1
1Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Researchers developed "kinomorphs," shape-morphing extracellular matrix (ECM) materials, to control tissue self-organization over large scales. These engineered materials enable centimeter-scale control of epithelial tubule formation for advanced tissue engineering.
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