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Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Synthesis of Atomically Thin Hexagonal Diamond with Compression.

Feng Ke^1,2,3, Lingkong Zhang¹, Yabin Chen^4,5

¹Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China.

|June 25, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized pristine diamane, a 2D diamond allotrope, by compressing few-layer graphene. This breakthrough opens possibilities for novel carbon-based electronic devices.

Keywords:

Atomically thin diamond Bandgap Electrical transport Few-layer graphene Pressure

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$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

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$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Diamane, an atomically thin diamond, is a 2D carbon allotrope with significant potential.
Achieving a pristine diamane structure has been a major challenge in materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the successful synthesis of pristine diamane.
To characterize the properties of the synthesized diamane.
To explore its potential applications in electronics.

Main Methods:

Mechanically exfoliating few-layer graphene.
Applying high pressure (above 20 GPa) at room temperature to induce diamondization.
Utilizing resistance, optical absorption, and X-ray diffraction for characterization.
Performing theoretical calculations to confirm stability and properties.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of hexagonal diamane (h-diamane) from trilayer and thicker graphene.
Characterized h-diamane exhibits a bandgap of 2.8 ± 0.3 eV.
The synthesized h-diamane is stable upon decompression to ~1.0 GPa.
Theoretical calculations confirm the energetic stability of (-2110)-oriented h-diamane.

Conclusions:

Pristine diamane can be synthesized via high-pressure compression of few-layer graphene.
The resulting semiconducting h-diamane has a significant bandgap, unlike graphene.
This discovery paves the way for advanced carbon-based electronic devices.