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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Engineering nanoparticles to tackle tumor barriers.

Jia-Xian Li1, Qiu-Yue Huang, Jing-Yang Zhang

  • 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, and Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. djzhi@scut.edu.cn.

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Engineering nanoparticles (nanomedicine) can improve cancer drug delivery by overcoming biological barriers within tumors. Strategies focus on enhancing nanoparticle extravasation and deep tumor penetration for better therapeutic efficacy.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Nanoparticles (NPs) are engineered as drug delivery systems for anticancer therapeutics, with some reaching clinical use.
  • Biological barriers, particularly tumor barriers, significantly limit the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicine by hindering NP delivery.
  • Tumor barriers, including vascular and stromal components, impede NP extravasation and penetration into tumor tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review tumor barriers that impede nanomedicine delivery in oncology.
  • To outline strategies for engineering nanoparticles to overcome these biological barriers.
  • To provide a critical perspective on enhancing nanomedicine efficacy in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of pathological features of tumor vascular and stromal barriers.
  • Description of the influence of these barriers on nanoparticle delivery efficacy.
  • Outline of engineering strategies for NPs to enhance extravasation and penetration.

Main Results:

  • Tumor vascular barriers and stromal barriers present significant challenges to nanomedicine delivery.
  • Strategies include optimizing NP physical properties and targeting tumor vasculature for improved extravasation.
  • Particle size manipulation, extracellular matrix modulation, and novel mechanisms facilitate deeper NP penetration into tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming tumor barriers is crucial for improving nanomedicine efficacy in cancer therapy.
  • Engineering NPs with specific properties can enhance their ability to navigate tumor microenvironments.
  • Further research into advanced NP engineering strategies holds promise for more effective cancer treatments.