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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...

Self Within Cultural Contexts

Self Within Cultural Contexts

Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...

Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances

Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances

Appearance is a multidimensional aspect of self-presentation that encompasses observable attributes such as clothing, grooming, speech, and nonverbal behavior. These elements are often strategically managed to align with socially constructed expectations in different settings. For instance, individuals tailor their appearance during job interviews, social gatherings, or athletic events to meet the perceived norms of those environments.Contextual Adaptation and Social SignalsThe research...

The Looking Glass Self

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The concept of the looking-glass self describes how an individual's self-concept is shaped by their perception of how others see them. This psychological theory, first introduced by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, posits that self-identity emerges in a social context and is influenced by the judgments—real or imagined—of others.Research suggests that individuals frequently overestimate how positively others perceive them. This is particularly evident in physical...

What are Populations and Communities?

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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

Published on: February 16, 2011

William's Portrait and Community Narrative.

¹Research associate with the Faculty of Medicine at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

AMA Journal of Ethics

|June 26, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores art and healing through a collaborative portraiture project. Reflection is key for both the patient and artist in creating visual narratives and community.

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Area of Science:

Arts-based research
Medical humanities
Visual arts

Background:

Arts-based research (ABR) offers unique perspectives in healthcare.
Patient experiences can inform therapeutic artistic practices.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the intersection of art, healing, and patient experience.
To understand the role of reflection in collaborative art projects within a healthcare context.

Main Methods:

Collaborative arts-based research project.
Portraiture as a medium for exploring patient narratives.
Qualitative analysis of artist and patient experiences.

Main Results:

Patient William's cancer journey and portraiture provided insights into art and healing.
Reflection emerged as a critical element for both sitter and artist.
The process facilitated the coassembly of visual narrative and community.

Conclusions:

Arts-based research, particularly portraiture, can illuminate the healing process.
The reciprocal nature of reflection is vital in co-creating meaning and community through art.
This project highlights the potential of visual narrative in therapeutic contexts.