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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
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The Basal Forebrain Modulates Neuronal Response in an Active Olfactory Discrimination Task.

Alexia Nunez-Parra1,2, Christian A Cea-Del Rio3,4, Molly M Huntsman3,5

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|June 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The basal forebrain (BF) is crucial for sensory decision-making, with BF neuron activity preceding successful trials. This suggests the BF

Keywords:
acetylcholineanticipationattentiondiscriminationgo/no–goin vivo

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Decision-Making Research
  • Sensory Perception

Background:

  • Sensory decision-making involves stimulus focus, signal/noise ratio, and valence evaluation.
  • Interactions between sensory and decision-making circuits are vital for context-adequate behavior.
  • The basal forebrain (BF) is increasingly recognized for its role in attention and sensory modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the basal forebrain's involvement in initiating and completing trials.
  • Examine the role of BF neurons in a reward-driven olfactory detection task in mice.
  • Determine if BF activity correlates with behavioral performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized tetrode recordings in awake mice performing an olfactory detection task.
  • Recorded neuronal activity from basal forebrain (BF) neurons, including cholinergic neurons.
  • Correlated neuronal activity with task performance and trial initiation.

Main Results:

  • BF neurons, including cholinergic types, showed recruitment during sensory discrimination and reward.
  • A subset of BF neurons exhibited activity preceding trial initiation in successful trials.
  • This precue neuronal activity was significantly correlated with animal performance.

Conclusions:

  • The basal forebrain plays a critical role in the initiation and completion of sensory decision-making.
  • Pre-trial activity in BF neurons may contribute to adaptive, context-dependent behavioral responses.
  • BF circuits are essential for integrating sensory information and guiding behavioral output.