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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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Diabetes: From Research to Clinical Practice.

Md Shahidul Islam1,2

  • 1Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden. shahidul.islam@ki.se.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes care is advancing with new drugs like GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, plus technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring. However, access to affordable diabetes treatment remains a global challenge, especially in low-income countries.

Keywords:
Anti-VEGFCardiovascular outcomesDiabetes and GLP-1 receptor agonistsDiabetes and SGLT2 inhibitorsDiabetic keto-acidosisDiabetic macular edemaEuglycemic diabetic keto-acidosisGestational diabetesHyperglycemic hyperosmolar commaHypoglycemiaRenal protectionType 1 diabetesType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus prevalence, mortality, and treatment costs are rising globally.
  • Traditional treatments evolved from understanding pathophysiology like the
  • ominous octet
  • to newer therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in diabetes management.
  • To highlight novel pharmacological and technological interventions.
  • To address disparities in diabetes care access.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current diabetes treatments.
  • Analysis of new drug classes (GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors).
  • Evaluation of technological innovations (CGM, CSII).

Main Results:

  • GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes.
  • Bariatric surgery offers significant weight and metabolic control, potentially leading to diabetes remission.
  • Technological advancements enhance glycemic control and quality of life, but affordability is a barrier.

Conclusions:

  • Novel pharmacotherapies and technologies represent significant progress in diabetes management.
  • Equitable access to affordable, evidence-based diabetes care is crucial, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • International organizations must advocate for increased investment in global diabetes facilities.