Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Use of 3D Robotic Ultrasound for In Vivo Analysis of Mouse Kidneys
Published on: August 12, 2021
Kidney impairment in fetal growth restriction: three-dimensional evaluation of volume and vascularization
Janaína Campos Senra1, Carlos Tadashi Yoshizaki1, Giovana Farina Doro1
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Objectives:
Renal development is impaired in fetal growth restriction (FGR). Renal size can be considered a surrogate of renal function in childhood, and could be impaired in that condition. Our aim was to evaluate the ratio of total renal volume, measured by three-dimensional ultrasound, to estimated fetal weight (TRV/EFW) among fetuses with and without growth restriction. Furthermore, we correlated TRV/EFW with fetal Doppler velocimetry and renal vascularization indexes and evaluated the association of renal volume and vascular parameters with adverse neonatal events in growth-restricted fetuses.
Methods:
In a retrospective cohort, TRV and renal vascularization of growth-restricted and normal fetuses were evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasonography and VOCAL technique. Independent samples t-tests and Mann-Whitney test were used for comparisons between groups. Logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the association between renal characteristics and adverse neonatal events.
Results:
Seventy-one growth-restricted fetuses were compared to 194 controls. The TRV/EFW was lower in the growth-restricted group (P < .001). In our sample, this ratio did not correlate with Doppler velocimetry parameters, renal vascular indexes or any adverse neonatal events.
Conclusion:
The TRV/EFW ratio is decreased in FGR. Further studies are needed to investigate the association of this ratio with long-term renal outcomes.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies
Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging
External Anatomy of the Kidney
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

