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Related Concept Videos

Attitudes01:54

Attitudes

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Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). And, they have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge;...
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Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

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Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
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Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

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Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
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Social Proof00:52

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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Documenting individual differences in the propensity to hold attitudes with certainty.

Kenneth G DeMarree1, Richard E Petty2, Pablo Briñol3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Attitude Research
  • Individual Differences

Background:

  • Attitude certainty influences judgment and behavior.
  • Little is known about stable individual differences in attitude certainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if attitude certainty reflects a stable disposition.
  • To examine the relationship between dispositional attitude certainty and other confidence domains.
  • To explore the predictive utility and stability of dispositional attitude certainty.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 5 studies with 6 samples (N=106,050).
  • Adaptation of methods for documenting individual differences in attitudes.
  • Assessment of certainty in newly formed evaluations, behavioral intentions, and recent behavior.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated dispositional variability in attitude certainty.
  • Attitude certainty is related to, but distinct from, confidence in other judgmental domains.
  • Dispositional attitude certainty predicts new attitude certainty and is linked to behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Attitude certainty is partly a stable disposition.
  • Dispositional attitude certainty is relatively stable over time.
  • Individual differences in attitude certainty have implications for attitudes and persuasion.