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Multilevel factor analysis (MFA) reveals that psychological distress measures differ across individuals versus over time. Within-person distress factors are narrow, while between-person factors are broader, impacting assessment accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological assessment
  • Psychometrics
  • Multilevel modeling

Background:

  • Self-report distress measures often use between-person data, risking misspecification due to measurement nonequivalence.
  • Distress constructs may differ when examined within individuals over time versus between individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply multilevel factor analysis (MFA) to the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-34 (CCAPS-34) measure.
  • To compare MFA results with traditional factor analysis for psychological symptom measures.
  • To investigate the between-person and within-person factor structures of self-report distress.

Main Methods:

  • Multilevel factor analysis (MFA) applied to the CCAPS-34 in two independent samples (N=1,223 and N=757).
  • Each individual had at least 10 observations.
  • Comparison of MFA findings with traditional single-level factor analysis.

Main Results:

  • Single-level factor analysis confirmed the established seven-factor structure of the CCAPS-34.
  • MFA largely replicated the within-person factor structure but not the between-person structure.
  • The between-person factor structure was simpler than the within-person structure, especially in a nonclinical sample.

Conclusions:

  • Within-person distress factors are typically narrow, while between-person factors are broader.
  • Using general distress measures for treatment outcomes may be inappropriate.
  • MFA is a valuable method for developing and clarifying self-report psychopathology measures, even with limited observations per person.