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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

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The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
The activity coefficient value for an ion is close to one when the solution has almost zero ionic strength, i.e., when the solution shows close to ideal behavior. As the ionic strength of the solution increases from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, a...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
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Quantifying Carbon Edge Sites on Depressing Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity.

Go Bong Choi1, Seungki Hong1, Jae-Hyung Wee1

  • 1Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, School of Polymer Science and Engineering & Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.

Nano Letters
|June 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The study reveals a direct link between edge density and hydrogen evolution reaction activity in carbon nanofibers. Modifying carbon edges through heat treatment helps understand their role in electrocatalysis.

Keywords:
aminationcarbon edge siteshydrogen evolution reactionloop formationpassivation

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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Understanding carbon material microstructure is crucial for optimizing electrochemical and electrocatalytic performance.
  • Edges in carbon materials significantly influence their activity, particularly for reactions like hydrogen evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between edge density and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in carbon nanofibers (CNFs).
  • To clarify how physical and chemical passivation of CNF edges affects their electrocatalytic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized catalytically grown platelet-type CNFs with exposed edges.
  • Employed sequential heat treatments to passivate edges by forming loops.
  • Quantified edge density using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) up to 1800 °C.
  • Identified surviving edges via amination reactions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that increasing heat treatment temperature inactivates CNF edges.
  • Established a quantitative correlation between measured edge density and HER activity.
  • Showcased the importance of the edge-to-total surface area ratio for evaluating carbon materials.

Conclusions:

  • The density of edges on carbon materials is a critical factor determining their hydrogen evolution reaction activity.
  • Controlled modification of carbon edges provides insights into their electrocatalytic mechanisms.
  • Accurate characterization of edge density is essential for designing efficient carbon-based electrocatalysts.