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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Retrotransposons in pluripotent stem cells.

Jingwen Wang1, Junjiu Huang2,3,4, Guang Shi5

  • 1School of Life Sciences, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.

Cell Regeneration (London, England)
|June 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrotransposons are active in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and early development, regulated by key factors like OCT4. Cells use epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, to control these mobile genetic elements.

Keywords:
Epigenetic regulationPluripotencyPluripotent stem cellsRetrotransposon

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements comprise approximately 50% of mammalian genomes.
  • Retrotransposons (Class I) are dynamic genetic elements with varied genomic distribution.
  • Their activity is linked to epigenetic regulation, particularly DNA methylation levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression patterns, functions, and regulation of retrotransposons.
  • To explore the role of retrotransposons in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and early embryonic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of retrotransposon expression, function, and regulation.
  • Analysis of the interplay between retrotransposons and pluripotency factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG).
  • Examination of epigenetic silencing mechanisms (DNA methylation, histone modification).

Main Results:

  • Retrotransposons are active in germ cells, early embryos, and PSCs.
  • Pluripotency factors regulate retrotransposon activity in PSCs, suggesting a role in self-renewal.
  • Cellular silencing mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modification counteract retrotransposon transposition.

Conclusions:

  • Retrotransposons play a significant role in maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal.
  • Epigenetic regulation is crucial for controlling retrotransposon activity during development.
  • Understanding retrotransposon dynamics is key to comprehending early embryonic development.