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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
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Addressing Alcohol Use in Pregnancy

Ann M Mitchell1, Rebecca R Porter, Marilyn Pierce-Bulger

  • 1Ann M. Mitchell is professor of nursing and psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA. Rebecca R. Porter is a research professional with the Center for Behavioral Health Research and Services, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage. Marilyn Pierce-Bulger is the owner and medical manager of FASDx Services, LLC, Anchorage, Alaska. Lela R. McKnight-Eily is a health scientist and clinical psychologist at the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Contact author: Lela R. McKnight-Eily, dvn1@cdc.gov. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The American Journal of Nursing
|June 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Screening and brief counseling interventions are proven methods. These approaches help identify and manage health risks effectively.

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