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Do Non-Human Primates Really Represent Others' Beliefs?

Daniel J Horschler1, Evan L MacLean2, Laurie R Santos3

  • 1School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|June 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent studies suggest non-human primates may implicitly understand others' beliefs using anticipatory looking (AL). However, researchers urge caution due to AL

Keywords:
anticipatory lookingbelief representationcognitive developmentcomparative cognitionmental statestheory of mind

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Ethology
  • Comparative Psychology
  • Primate Cognition

Background:

  • Non-human primates demonstrate understanding of some psychological states but not others' beliefs.
  • Recent studies using anticipatory looking (AL) paradigms suggest primates may implicitly grasp others' beliefs.
  • AL measures face scrutiny in human studies due to replication issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate recent claims of belief representation in non-human primates using AL.
  • To highlight methodological and theoretical challenges in interpreting AL data in primates.
  • To propose future research directions and explore evolutionary questions regarding primate cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critical analysis of recent studies employing anticipatory looking (AL) paradigms in non-human primates.
  • Comparison of methodological and theoretical challenges in AL research across human and non-human primate literature.
  • Exploration of potential future research designs to address current limitations.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for primate belief representation based on AL requires cautious interpretation.
  • Methodological and theoretical challenges in AL research mirror those in human studies.
  • Replication problems with AL measures raise concerns about the validity of current findings.

Conclusions:

  • New reports of primate belief understanding via AL should be viewed with caution.
  • Future research must address the identified methodological and theoretical challenges.
  • The prospect of implicit belief representation in primates raises novel evolutionary questions.