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Capuchin monkey rituals: an interdisciplinary study of form and function.

Susan Perry1, Marco Smolla2

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of California-Los Angeles, 341 Haines Hall, 375 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|June 30, 2020
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White-faced capuchin monkeys engage in unique, ritual-like interactions that test social bonds. These behaviors, though not strengthening relationships, appear to be learned and spread socially within dyads.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Primate Behavior
  • Ethology
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • White-faced capuchin monkeys exhibit complex social behaviors.
  • Some interactions deviate from species-typical repertoire, resembling human rituals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the nature and function of idiosyncratic interaction sequences in capuchin dyads.
  • Determine if these behaviors serve a bond-strengthening or bond-testing purpose.

Main Methods:

  • Long-term observational study (9260 hours) of white-faced capuchin dyads in Costa Rica.
  • Analysis of interaction sequences, focusing on characteristics of human rituals and their correlation with relationship quality and coalition formation.

Main Results:

  • Capuchin rituals display human-like ritual characteristics: intense focus, no immediate utilitarian purpose, use of 'sacred objects', social learning, and repurposed behaviors.
  • Ritual performance rate was not correlated with proximity but associated with higher relationship quality and coalition formation.
  • Ritual form was not rigid, lacked specific opening/closing actions, and showed low between-dyad consistency.

Conclusions:

  • Capuchin rituals primarily serve a bond-testing function rather than strengthening bonds.
  • These dyadic rituals do not appear to enhance group-wide solidarity.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the evolution of ritualistic behaviors.