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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups

34.0K

Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.  
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry....
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

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Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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Overview of Functional Groups01:19

Overview of Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Organic Functionalized Graphene Oxide Behavior in Water.

Changwoo Kim1, Junseok Lee1, Will Wang1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Surface functionalization significantly impacts graphene oxide (GO) stability in water. Hydrophilic coatings enhance GO stability more than hydrophobic ones, influencing its use in environmental applications.

Keywords:
colloidal stabilitycritical coagulation concentration (CCC)graphene oxide (GO)organic functionalization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Surface-modified graphene oxide (GO) is promising for environmental applications like sensors and membranes.
  • Limited data exists on the stability of secondary modified GO compared to pristine GO or natural organic matter (NOM) coated GO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the role of organic functionalization on GO stability in aqueous environments.
  • To compare the stability of GO with various hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic coatings under different ionic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized a matrix of GO materials with controlled hydrophobic (propylamine, tert-octylamine, 1-adamantylamine) and hydrophilic (3-amino-1-propanol, 3-amino-1-adamantanol) coatings.
  • Evaluated aqueous stability using Critical Coagulation Concentration (CCC) tests across varied ionic strengths and types (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4) at pH 7.0.
  • Utilized Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek (DLVO) theory for energy interaction analyses.

Main Results:

  • Pristine GO stability increased with higher oxidation states, consistent with DLVO theory.
  • Hydrophilically functionalized GO (phi-GO) exhibited greater stability than hydrophobically functionalized GO (pho-GO).
  • Divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+) significantly influenced HGO and phi-GO aggregation, while pho-GO aggregation was less affected by ionic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Organic functionalization critically dictates GO stability in water, with hydrophilic coatings offering superior stability.
  • Understanding GO surface chemistry and ionic interactions is crucial for designing stable GO-based materials for environmental applications.
  • This study provides key insights into GO colloidal behavior, essential for optimizing its use in sensors, membranes, and sorbents.