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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
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Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Maria Gevezova1,2, Victoria Sarafian1,2, George Anderson3

  • 1Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
|July 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves immune-inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial issues. Research explores these factors and potential treatments for ASD symptom severity.

Keywords:
AutismAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)inflammationmitochondrial dysfunctionneuroimmunomodulationoxidative stress toxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents significant cognitive, language, and social challenges impacting families.
  • Core features include impaired communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors.
  • ASD pathophysiology is linked to complex gene-environment interactions during development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of immune-inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.
  • To elucidate the involvement of specific immune cells and molecules in ASD pathogenesis.
  • To explore potential therapeutic interventions for ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on immune-inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in ASD.
  • Analysis of immune cell roles (NK, T helper, T regulatory, B-cells) and associated cytokines.
  • Examination of mitochondrial activity and nitro-oxidative stress markers.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests activated immune-inflammatory pathways, increased nitro-oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.
  • Specific immune alterations include changes in cytokine levels, autoantibodies, and microglial activation.
  • These factors are proposed to be interconnected and influence ASD symptom severity.

Conclusions:

  • Immune-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are key contributors to ASD.
  • Future research should investigate the impact of these factors on brain development, specifically amygdala-frontal cortex interactions.
  • Potential interventions include prenatal treatments and therapies targeting immune and metabolic pathways in individuals with ASD.