Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

2.7K
When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
2.7K
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

2.3K
Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
2.3K
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

3.4K
Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
3.4K
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

142
A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
142
Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological

449
Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...
449
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

112
Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
112

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interindividual variability in metformin pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients.

Pediatric research·2026
Same author

Severe Thiopurine-Induced Myelosuppression in a Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient With the NUDT15 *1/*6 Genotype: A Brief Report.

Clinical and translational science·2026
Same author

Integrated multi-omics identifies distinct macrophage alterations during progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

Nature genetics·2026
Same author

HLA-B*44 Alleles and HLA-DQA1*03:01 as Genetic Risk Factors for Drug-Induced Liver Injury due to Fluoroquinolones.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same author

PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP1A2-Clinical Impact, Genetic Variation, and Updated Nomenclature.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same author

Genomic Insights Into Risperidone Treatment Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: Experience From a Psychiatric Hospital Serving Rural Youth.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

The Future of Clinical Pharmacology: The Right Medicine at the Right Dose for Each Patient.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Effects of Trimethoprim on Three Previously Proposed Putative Biomarkers for OCT2/MATE-Mediated Renal Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Volunteers.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Clinical Characterization of Enzyme and Transporter Precipitants to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions for Orforglipron, a Small Molecule Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Symposium Report: Stakeholders' Perspectives on Phase 1 Trials in Japanese Prior to Multi-Regional Clinical Trials and Future Pathways.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Resolving CYP2D6 Structural Complexity with Long-Read Sequencing: Implications for Tamoxifen Precision Dosing in Thai Breast Cancer Patients.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Identification of a Functional CYP2C8 Variant Allele that Alters Splicing, Reduces Protein Expression, and Increases Drug Exposure.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures
10:44

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Published on: March 28, 2017

10.2K

PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2C19.

Mariana R Botton1, Michelle Whirl-Carrillo2, Andria L Del Tredici3

  • 1Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|July 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) standardizes star allele nomenclature for the CYP2C19 gene. This genetic variation affects drug metabolism, influencing medication efficacy and safety.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer
06:21

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer

Published on: May 10, 2024

1.1K
Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
07:04

Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Published on: February 11, 2017

19.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures
10:44

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Published on: March 28, 2017

10.2K
Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer
06:21

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer

Published on: May 10, 2024

1.1K
Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
07:04

Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Published on: February 11, 2017

19.8K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Genetics
  • Drug Metabolism

Background:

  • The CYP2C19 gene exhibits significant genetic polymorphism.
  • Variations in CYP2C19 impact the metabolism of numerous drugs.
  • These genetic differences are linked to variable drug efficacy and safety profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the CYP2C19 gene.
  • To detail the star (*) allele nomenclature for CYP2C19.
  • To explain the utilization of PharmVar's haplotype data by key pharmacogenomics resources.

Main Methods:

  • Cataloguing of star (*) allele nomenclature by the Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar).
  • Integration of PharmVar data into the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase.
  • Application of PharmVar data by the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).

Main Results:

  • Standardized nomenclature for CYP2C19 genetic variants is established.
  • Haplotype information is systematically catalogued and made accessible.
  • PharmVar data enhances the utility of pharmacogenomics databases and guidelines.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized CYP2C19 allele nomenclature is crucial for pharmacogenomic applications.
  • PharmVar's role is vital in consolidating genetic variation data.
  • This facilitates improved clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics.