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Chirality

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
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Chirality in Nature

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

Breakdown of Diffusion on Chiral Edges.

Luca V Delacrétaz¹, Paolo Glorioso¹

¹Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|July 1, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Dirty quantum Hall systems show significant edge fluctuations, leading to damped charge excitations and singular conductivity. These findings impact surface chiral metals and heat diffusion theories.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Hall Effect
Hydrodynamics

Background:

Quantum Hall systems are crucial in condensed matter physics.
Understanding edge dynamics is key to quantum Hall phenomena.
Hydrodynamic descriptions are increasingly applied to quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate hydrodynamic fluctuations at the edge of dirty quantum Hall systems.
Characterize the behavior of charge excitations and optical conductivity.
Explore implications for heat diffusion and surface chiral metals.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of dirty quantum Hall systems.
Application of fluctuating hydrodynamics.
Examination of charge continuity and chiral anomaly.

Main Results:

Identified large hydrodynamic fluctuations at the system edge.
Charge excitations exhibit anomalous damping in the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class.
Dissipative optical conductivity shows singularity at low frequencies (σ(ω)∼1/ω^{1/3}).
Heat diffusion breakdown depends on bulk thermal Hall conductivity.

Conclusions:

Edge thermalization and chiral anomaly drive observed phenomena.
Translation invariance is not required for these edge effects.
Charge fluctuations in surface chiral metals lead to logarithmic transport corrections.