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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 16, 2025

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Change in Functional Brain Activation Patterns Induced by Olfactory Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis.

Qingrong OuYang¹, Yinxu Wang², Yun-Wei Zhang¹

¹Department of Neurology, Suining Central Hospital, Sui Ning 629000, People's Republic of China.

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

|July 2, 2020

Summary

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients show altered brain activity in olfactory regions compared to healthy individuals. Functional MRI (fMRI) reveals reduced activation, suggesting olfactory dysfunction in MS is linked to central nervous system changes.

Keywords:

brain magnetic resonance imaging multiple sclerosis olfactory

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Published on: July 12, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Olfactory disorder is common in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, but less recognized in Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
Current MS olfactory research relies heavily on subjective self-reporting.
Objective assessment of olfactory-related brain function in MS is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate central brain regions involved in olfactory processing in MS patients.
To compare brain activation patterns during odor stimulation between MS patients and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

Olfactory event-related fMRI was employed to measure olfactory network activity.
18 MS patients and 20 healthy controls were exposed to alternating lavender and rose scents.
Spearman correlation analyzed the relationship between demyelination lesions and activated brain regions.

Main Results:

MS patients exhibited significantly fewer activated brain areas compared to controls.
Specific regions like the right insula, amygdala, and frontal gyri showed activation in MS patients.
The intensity of olfactory network activation was attenuated in MS patients, with lesions having a minor impact.

Conclusions:

fMRI confirms alterations in olfaction-related brain regions in MS patients.
This challenges the notion that olfactory deficits in MS are solely due to structural damage in peripheral olfactory pathways.
Findings highlight the importance of central nervous system changes in MS-related olfactory dysfunction.