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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
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Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement
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Simple practical system for directly measuring magnetocaloric effects under large magnetic fields.

J Y Liu1, Z G Zheng1, L Lei1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|July 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Direct measurements of adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) were performed on Gd and a MnFePSiC compound using a homemade adiabatic magnetocalorimeter. The study details the magnetic field dependence of ΔTad for both materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is crucial for magnetic refrigeration technologies.
  • Accurate measurement of adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) is essential for evaluating MCE materials.
  • Existing methods may have limitations in measuring ΔTad under various conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) in Gadolinium (Gd) and Mn1.15Fe0.8P0.5Si0.5C0.05.
  • To investigate the magnetic field dependence of ΔTad for these materials.
  • To demonstrate the capability of a homemade adiabatic magnetocalorimeter for broad material characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a homemade adiabatic magnetocalorimeter operating between 260-360 K and 0-7 T.
  • Employed a servo motor for sample manipulation within a vacuum environment provided by the Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS).
  • Directly measured ΔTad for Gd and Mn1.15Fe0.8P0.5Si0.5C0.05 samples.

Main Results:

  • Peak ΔTad values of 8.71 K (Gd) and 6.41 K (MnFePSiC) were recorded at 7 T.
  • Gd exhibited ΔTad ∝ H2/3 dependence, characteristic of second-order magnetic transitions.
  • MnFePSiC showed ΔTad ∝ H0.66-1.04 dependence, indicative of first-order magnetic transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed magnetocalorimeter accurately measures ΔTad across a range of magnetic fields and temperatures.
  • The study provides insights into the magnetic transition behavior of Gd and MnFePSiC.
  • The instrument is versatile for characterizing various magnetic materials for MCE applications.