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Genital Micro-Organisms in Pregnancy.

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Pregnancy alters the female genital tract microbiome, potentially causing infections linked to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Advanced sequencing offers new therapeutic avenues for these common vaginal dysbiotic states.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Microbiology
  • Maternal-fetal medicine

Background:

  • Pregnancy involves significant metabolic, endocrinological, and immunological shifts.
  • These changes can lead to dysbiosis in the female genital tract microbiome.
  • Dysbiotic states may result in ascending or hematogenous infections, causing chronic inflammation and adverse outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the link between female genital tract dysbiosis and pregnancy complications.
  • To highlight common vaginal dysbiotic states like Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC), Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), and Trichomonas Vaginitis (TV).
  • To discuss the potential of novel technologies for understanding and managing these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vaginal microbiome alterations during pregnancy.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and the potential for contamination in sample analysis.
  • Emphasis on the emerging role of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for microbiome mapping.

Main Results:

  • Dysbiotic states are associated with infections that can affect the feto-placental unit.
  • Low-grade infections can lead to chronic inflammation and adverse maternal/neonatal outcomes.
  • Organisms have been detected in amniotic fluid and placentae, though contamination is a concern.

Conclusions:

  • Common vaginal infections like VVC, BV, and TV are often overlooked during pregnancy.
  • NGS technology promises comprehensive vaginal microbiome analysis.
  • Future research may lead to improved antibiotic, probiotic, and alternative therapies for pregnancy complications related to dysbiosis.