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Related Concept Videos

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 16, 2025

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
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Biopsy at flexible cystoscopy: is it worthwhile?

Jody Khan1, Mohamad Shariq Kamal2, Frank T D'Arcy2

  • 1Department of Urology, University Hospital Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland. jodysakhan@gmail.com.

Irish Journal of Medical Science
|July 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flexible cystoscopy biopsies can detect malignancy in about 18% of cases. Despite small sample sizes, these biopsies are valuable for diagnosing bladder cancer, with a low non-diagnostic rate of 11%.

Keywords:
BiopsyBladder cancerCystitisCystoscopyEndourology

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Flexible cystoscopy is the standard for diagnosing and monitoring bladder carcinoma.
  • The working channel of flexible cystoscopes limits tissue sample volume for histological analysis.
  • Established quality control standards for cystoscopy biopsy specimens are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic yield of bladder biopsies obtained during flexible cystoscopy.
  • To assess the effectiveness of flexible cystoscopy biopsies in identifying malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of theatre log books and histopathology reports for flexible cystoscopies with biopsies.
  • Biopsies were performed using 1.8 mm diameter, 4.5 mm open cup width single-use forceps.
  • Data collected from January 2014 to December 2017.

Main Results:

  • 143 biopsies were performed on suspicious lesions, with malignancy as a differential diagnosis.
  • 27 biopsies (18.9%) showed evidence of malignancy, including 9 cases of high-grade urothelial cancer.
  • 16 samples (11.2%) were inadequate for histological diagnosis; a diagnosis was provided for 89% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • Flexible cystoscopy biopsies, despite limited tissue volume, are effective in detecting malignancy.
  • The non-diagnostic rate was approximately 11%, suggesting the need for further investigation in such cases.
  • Rigid cystoscopy and biopsy are recommended when malignancy is still suspected after non-diagnostic flexible cystoscopy.