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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Upon subjecting concrete to moderate or high uniaxial compressive or tensile stresses, the strain response is non-linear relative to the stress applied. As the stress is removed, the resulting stress-strain curve deviates from the original path traced during loading, creating a hysteresis loop, indicative of the concrete's non-linear and non-elastic properties. Typically, a material's modulus of elasticity, which is a measure of the material's stiffness, is inferred from the linear...
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Mechanical vibrators are instrumental in compacting newly poured concrete within formwork and around reinforcements. This process is essential to eliminate trapped air pockets and establish a dense concrete mass. One widely used method is vibrating by internal vibrators, often referred to as a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is rapidly inserted through the full depth of the freshly laid concrete and slightly extends into the layer below it (which remains in a plastic state). Consistent...
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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Online acoustic emission source localization in concrete structures using iterative and evolutionary algorithms.

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  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.

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Summary

This study introduces an efficient online structural health monitoring framework using acoustic emission (AE) to detect damage in concrete. A zig-zag sensor arrangement proved most effective for accurately localizing AE sources.

Keywords:
Acoustic EmissionConcrete StructuresDamage Source MonitoringParticle Swarm OptimizationPencil Lead Break

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Health Monitoring
  • Acoustic Emission Testing
  • Concrete Structures

Background:

  • Accurate localization of damage-induced acoustic emission (AE) sources is crucial for structural health monitoring (SHM) in concrete.
  • Existing methods may lack efficiency or robustness in real-time damage assessment.
  • Artificial damage sources, like pencil lead breaks (PLB), are used to simulate AE wave generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient online SHM framework for precise AE source localization in concrete.
  • To evaluate different AE sensor network arrangements for optimal damage detection.
  • To compare a novel localization algorithm with established optimization techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation using concrete slabs with simulated AE sources (PLB).
  • Development and application of a simplified Iterative Planar Source (IPS) localization algorithm based on time of arrival (ToA).
  • Comparison of IPS algorithm performance against a particle-swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm across various sensor network configurations (rectangular, circular, zig-zag).

Main Results:

  • The zig-zag sensor network arrangement demonstrated superior efficiency for AE source localization.
  • The proposed IPS algorithm showed accuracy and robustness in identifying damage source locations.
  • Performance evaluation confirmed the effectiveness of the developed online monitoring framework.

Conclusions:

  • The developed online SHM framework accurately localizes AE sources in concrete structures.
  • A zig-zag AE sensor network configuration is recommended for enhanced damage localization efficiency.
  • The study highlights the potential for automated and reliable structural health assessment.