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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 16, 2025

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
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Assessing effector T cells in type 1 diabetes.

Sefina Arif1, Irma Pujol-Autonell1,2, Martin Eichmann1,3

  • 1Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|July 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes involves T cells targeting islet autoantigens. New T-cell subsets and islet antigens offer insights into disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers for immunotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • T cells are critical in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
  • Recent discoveries have expanded the known islet autoantigens and T-cell subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review autoreactivity against neo-epitopes in type 1 diabetes.
  • To explore diverse T-cell subsets (CD4 and CD8) and their phenotypes.
  • To correlate T-cell subsets with disease progression and immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on T-cell subsets and islet antigens.
  • Analysis of autoreactivity against novel epitopes.
  • Discussion of T-cell phenotypes from naive to exhausted.

Main Results:

  • Autoreactivity against neo-epitopes is a key area of research.
  • Expanding T-cell subsets (CD4, CD8, follicular helper, peripheral helper) correlate with disease stage.
  • T-cell subsets are influenced by immunotherapy and disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • T-cell subsets and novel antigens are promising for understanding type 1 diabetes mechanisms.
  • T-cell subsets show potential as biomarkers for disease progression and immunotherapy monitoring.
  • Standardized definitions for T-cell subsets are needed for global consistency.