Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 16, 2025
12:09
Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
Published on: February 28, 2019
10.2K
Human effector T cells express TOX-Not so "TOX"ic after all
Daniel T Utzschneider1, Axel Kallies2
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Science Immunology
|July 5, 2020
Summary
TOX protein is found in all human effector CD8+ T cells, not just exhausted ones. This finding broadens our understanding of T cell biology and immune responses.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction.
- TOX (Thymocyte selection-associated HMG box protein) has been linked to T cell exhaustion.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the expression pattern of TOX in human CD8+ T cells.
- To determine if TOX is exclusive to exhausted T cells.
Main Methods:
- Flow cytometry analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
- Immunophenotyping of CD8+ T cells.
Main Results:
- TOX expression was detected in a significant proportion of human effector CD8+ T cells.
- TOX was not limited to cells exhibiting markers of exhaustion.
Conclusions:
- TOX is a general marker of human effector CD8+ T cells.
- The role of TOX in T cell biology may extend beyond exhaustion.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:27Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response
6.3K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
6.3K
01:24T Cell Types and Functions
1.9K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.9K
01:26Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity
1.2K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.2K
01:22T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection
14.3K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
14.3K
01:36Types of Toxins
3.0K
Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
3.0K
01:40Cell-mediated Immune Responses
82.8K
Overview
82.8K