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Related Concept Videos

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 16, 2025

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A Focused Update on Tardive Dyskinesia.

Pierre J Blanchet1

  • 1Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CHU Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Montreal Mental Health University Institute (IUSMM), Montreal, QC, Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
|July 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) involves involuntary movements from antipsychotics. Research suggests dopamine D3 receptor upregulation and GSK-3β signaling may be involved, offering new treatment avenues.

Keywords:
Antipsychotic drugsDopamine D3 receptorGSK-3StriatumTardive dyskinesia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a motor disorder from long-term antipsychotic use.
  • Despite newer drugs, TD affects 20% of patients, impacting quality of life.
  • The molecular basis of TD remains unclear, complicating management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurobiological underpinnings of tardive dyskinesia.
  • To re-evaluate the dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity hypothesis in TD.
  • To explore potential molecular targets for TD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an experimental nonhuman primate model of antipsychotic-induced dyskinesia.
  • Analyzed receptor expression in the striatum of dyskinetic versus control animals.
  • Examined signaling pathways, including glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β).

Main Results:

  • Found significant upregulation of dopamine D3 receptors, not D2, in dyskinetic primates.
  • Observed indirect evidence linking GSK-3β overactivation to TD.
  • New VMAT2 inhibitors show promise for TD management.

Conclusions:

  • Dopamine D3 receptor upregulation may be more critical than D2 in TD pathogenesis.
  • GSK-3β signaling is a potential contributor to TD development.
  • Emerging treatments and algorithms offer improved TD management strategies.