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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

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Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

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Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles01:21

Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles

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The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
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Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 16, 2025

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia
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Complex Visceral Coupling During Central Sleep Apnea in Cats.

Alexandra V Limanskaya1,2, Irina I Busygina3, Ekaterina V Levichkina1,4

  • 1Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|July 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Central sleep apnea, a breathing cessation during sleep, may be an adaptive mechanism. Studies in cats show it involves coordinated heart rate changes and suppressed digestive activity, suggesting a complex biological function.

Keywords:
central sleep apneaduodenal motilityheart raterespirationstomach motilityvisceral theory of sleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a breathing disorder during sleep.
  • Its classification as pathology versus adaptive mechanism is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the nature of CSA in a behaving animal model.
  • Determine if CSA represents a complex adaptive behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Chronic polysomnography in six cats, including EEG, ECG, airflow, and respiratory muscle activity.
  • Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity recorded in four cats.
  • Long-term observation over multiple sleep/wake cycles.

Main Results:

  • Frequent central breathing cessations (5-13s) observed during sleep.
  • Apnea episodes correlated with increased heart rate preceding arrest and decreased rate during apnea.
  • Suppression of stomach and duodenal myoelectric activity during apnea episodes.
  • Consistent pattern of visceral effects across observations.

Conclusions:

  • The stereotypical visceral changes during CSA suggest a coordinated adaptive response.
  • CSA may be a complex adaptive behavior rather than solely a respiratory pathology.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific function of this phenomenon.