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Related Concept Videos

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

4.2K
The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
4.2K
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

6.8K
Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
6.8K
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

4.0K
Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
4.0K
Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

4.3K
Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
4.3K
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

9.9K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
9.9K
Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

4.9K
The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
4.9K

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A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles
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Pest categorisation of Ips amitinus.

, Michael Jeger, Claude Bragard

    EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority
    |July 7, 2020
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    The small spruce bark beetle, Ips amitinus, is a European pest that attacks spruce and pine trees. It meets criteria for a protected zone quarantine pest in the EU, necessitating strict entry measures.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Entomology
    • Forest Pathology
    • Plant Protection

    Background:

    • The small spruce bark beetle, *Ips amitinus*, is a native European insect impacting spruce and pine species.
    • It is present in 16 EU Member States and spreading, with established protected zones in Ireland, Greece, and the UK.
    • The pest is recognized under Council Directive 2000/29/EC, highlighting its regulatory significance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform a pest categorization of *Ips amitinus* for the European Union.
    • To assess its status as a potential protected zone quarantine pest and regulated non-quarantine pest.
    • To inform regulatory measures and plant health policies within the EU.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing scientific literature and regulatory data on *Ips amitinus*.
    • Analysis of the pest's biology, distribution, host range, and pathways.
    • Evaluation against established criteria for quarantine and regulated non-quarantine pests.

    Main Results:

    • *Ips amitinus* is a well-defined species with a wide distribution in the EU, capable of flight dispersal over significant distances.
    • The beetle primarily attacks weakened trees but can infest healthy trees during high population densities, also inoculating hosts with pathogenic fungi.
    • All criteria for *Ips amitinus* to be considered a potential protected zone quarantine pest are met, but not for a regulated non-quarantine pest.

    Conclusions:

    • *Ips amitinus* poses a risk to EU forests, particularly in protected zones, due to its establishment potential and spread.
    • Current control methods include sanitary thinning and clear-felling, with quarantine measures crucial for preventing entry into protected zones.
    • The pest's characteristics necessitate its regulation as a protected zone quarantine pest to safeguard plant health across the EU.