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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
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Improved UPLC-UV Method for the Quantification of Vitamin C in Lettuce Varieties Lactuca sativa L. and Crop Wild Relatives Lactuca spp.
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Dietary reference values for vitamin K.

, Dominique Turck, Jean-Louis Bresson

    EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority
    |July 7, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel established adequate intakes (AIs) for vitamin K, specifically phylloquinone, due to insufficient data on menaquinones. The recommended AI is 1 μg/kg body weight daily for all ages.

    Keywords:
    Adequate IntakeDietary Reference Valuemenaquinonesphylloquinonevitamin K

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    Area of Science:

    • Nutrition Science
    • Dietary Reference Values
    • Vitamin K Metabolism

    Background:

    • The EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was requested to derive dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin K.
    • Vitamin K encompasses both phylloquinone and menaquinones.
    • Current biomarkers for vitamin K intake or status are not sufficient for deriving DRVs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin K for various population groups.
    • To assess available evidence on vitamin K occurrence, absorption, function, and body content.
    • To establish adequate intakes (AIs) for phylloquinone due to data limitations for menaquinones.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of scientific literature and evidence available since 1993.
    • Assessment of biomarkers, intake data, and the factorial approach.
    • Consideration of health outcomes possibly associated with vitamin K intake.

    Main Results:

    • Adequate intakes (AIs) were set for phylloquinone only, as data for menaquinones were insufficient.
    • The established AI for phylloquinone is 1 μg/kg body weight per day for all population groups.
    • Specific AIs for phylloquinone were determined for infants, children, and adults, including pregnant and lactating women.

    Conclusions:

    • DRVs for vitamin K could not be derived for adults, infants, and children due to uncertainties.
    • The Panel maintained the reference value proposed by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1993.
    • AIs for phylloquinone are set at 70 μg/day for adults, 10 μg/day for infants (7-11 months), and 12-65 μg/day for children (1-17 years).