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Eicosanoid biosynthesis in marine mammals.

Florian Reisch1, Kumar Reddy Kakularam1, Sabine Stehling1

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.

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|July 7, 2020
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Marine mammals adapted to ocean life by altering eicosanoid signaling pathways. Key lipoxygenase (ALOX) genes, like ALOX15, show specific adaptations, influencing their catalytic activity during this evolutionary transition.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mammals returned to marine environments approximately 50 million years ago.
  • This transition necessitated significant metabolic and genetic adaptations.
  • Eicosanoid signaling is crucial for various physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of eicosanoid signaling in marine mammal adaptation.
  • To identify functional genes encoding key enzymes in eicosanoid biosynthesis in marine mammals.
  • To explore evolutionary changes in lipoxygenase (ALOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) genes.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of marine mammal species.
  • Identification and characterization of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (ALOX) genes.
  • Recombinant enzyme expression and catalytic activity assays.

Main Results:

  • COX and ALOX genes are present in all tested marine mammals.
  • Whales and dolphins lack the ALOX12B gene, and ALOXE3 genes contain mutations.
  • Marine mammal ALOX15 orthologs are functional and exhibit specific arachidonic acid 12-lipoxygenation activity, consistent with the Triad concept.

Conclusions:

  • Eicosanoid signaling pathways, particularly involving ALOX15, have undergone adaptive evolution in marine mammals.
  • Specific gene alterations in ALOX family members reflect adaptations to a marine lifestyle.
  • The catalytic specificity of marine mammal ALOX15 enzymes is explained by the Triad concept.