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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

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Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
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RETRACTED: Sudha et al. Triazole Modified Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid Conjugated to Polyethylene Glycol, a Thyrointegrin α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> Antagonist as a Radio- and Chemo-Sensitizer in Pancreatic Cancer. <i>Biomedicines</i> 2022, <i>10</i>, 795.

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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Coronaviruses and Integrin αvβ3: Does Thyroid Hormone Modify the Relationship?

Paul J Davis1,2, Hung-Yun Lin3,4,5, Aleck Hercbergs6

  • 1Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY, USA.

Endocrine Research
|July 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone analogue L-thyroxine (T4) may influence coronavirus uptake by target cells via integrin αvβ3. Other analogues like deaminated T4 and T3 may block this viral entry mechanism.

Keywords:
ACE2Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptideL-thyroxine (T4)SARS-CoV-2clotting risknonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS)porcine epidemic diarrhea α-coronavirus (PEDV)serum reverse T3 (3,3ʹ5ʹ-triiodo-L-thyronine, rT3)

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Virology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Coronavirus entry into target cells involves binding to cell ectoenzymes, with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) identified for SARS-CoV-2.
  • Plasma membrane integrins, such as integrin αvβ3, are implicated in the internalization and replication of coronaviruses.
  • ACE2 activity is modulated by intracellular signaling generated by integrins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of integrin αvβ3 internalization in coronavirus uptake.
  • To evaluate the potential contribution of clinical host L-thyroxine (T4) to coronavirus target cell uptake and its consequences.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes that integrin αvβ3 internalization is a mechanism for coronavirus uptake.
  • It evaluates the influence of L-thyroxine (T4) on this process.

Main Results:

  • The viral binding domain on integrin αvβ3 is located near the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide-binding site, suggesting RGD molecules can impact virus binding.
  • L-thyroxine (T4) binds to integrin αvβ3, modulating its affinity for other proteins, controlling its internalization, and regulating cytokine gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • L-thyroxine (T4) may influence coronavirus uptake by target cells through integrin αvβ3.
  • Thyroid hormone analogues, including deaminated T4 and deaminated 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), are potential agents to block T4's virus-relevant actions at integrin αvβ3, potentially restricting viral uptake.