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Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs
Published on: May 21, 2019
A Physiologic Approach to Hemodynamic Monitoring and Optimizing Oxygen Delivery in Shock Resuscitation
Amy Russell1, Emanuel P Rivers2,3, Paresh C Giri4
1Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
Abstract:
The approach to shock resuscitation focuses on all components of oxygen delivery, including preload, afterload, contractility, hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation. Resuscitation focused solely on preload and fluid responsiveness minimizes other key elements, resulting in suboptimal patient care. This review will provide a physiologic and practical approach for the optimization of oxygen delivery utilizing available hemodynamic monitoring technologies. Venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and lactate will be discussed as indicators of shock states and endpoints of resuscitation within the framework of resolving oxygen deficit and oxygen debt.
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