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Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
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Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

Seppo Salminen1, Bernd Stahl2,3, Gabriel Vinderola4

  • 1Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.

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Summary

Human milk provides optimal infant nutrition. Infant formulas are evolving to mimic human milk

Keywords:
2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL)3'-galactosyllactose (3'-GL)breastfeedinghuman milk oligosaccharidesinfant formulalacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)postbioticsprebioticsprobioticssynbiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Nutrition Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Human milk is the optimal source of infant nutrition, supporting growth and development.
  • Its unique composition varies based on maternal factors and geography.
  • Infant formulas serve as a vital alternative when breastfeeding is insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in infant formula development.
  • To focus on the incorporation of human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.
  • To highlight innovations in mimicking human milk's complex nutritional profile.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of current scientific literature.
  • Analysis of recent research on infant formula ingredients.
  • Focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.

Main Results:

  • Infant formulas are increasingly incorporating human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
  • Postbiotics are emerging as key ingredients in advanced formulas.
  • Formulas are better replicating the functional benefits of human milk.

Conclusions:

  • Recent innovations enhance infant formula's ability to support infant health.
  • Human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics represent significant progress.
  • Continued research will further optimize infant formula composition and function.